Dr. Gladys West, GPS pioneer whose calculations transformed modern navigation, dies at 95

Dr. Gladys Mae West, the mathematician whose groundbreaking Earth‑modeling work became the backbone of the Global Positioning System, has died at 95.

West passed away on Jan. 17, 2026, surrounded by family, a social media post announced.

Her decades of research at the Naval Surface Warfare Center reshaped global navigation and cemented her place among the most influential scientific minds of the 20th century.

A Childhood Shaped by Hard Work and Determination

West was born Gladys Mae Brown on Oct. 27, 1930, in Sutherland, Virginia, a rural community in Dinwiddie County. She grew up in a family of African American sharecroppers and spent much of her childhood working on her family’s small farm. Her mother labored in a tobacco factory, and her father worked for the railroad. West often said education was her path to a different life.

She graduated as valedictorian of her high school class in 1948, earning a full scholarship to Virginia State College, now Virginia State University. West majored in mathematics, a field dominated by men, and joined Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.

She completed :

• her bachelor’s degree in 1952
• returned for a master’s degree in mathematics in 1955 after teaching in Virginia public schools.

Dr Gladys West: Breaking Barriers in Federal Science

In 1956, West was hired at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia, becoming the second Black woman employed there. She worked as a computer programmer and later managed satellite data processing systems while earning a master’s degree in public administration from the University of Oklahoma.

Her early work included an award‑winning study on Pluto’s motion. She later analyzed satellite altimeter data for NASA’s Geodetic Earth Orbiting program and served as project manager for Seasat, the first satellite capable of remotely sensing oceans. Her leadership cut processing time in half and earned her commendation.

The Mathematical Foundation of GPS

West’s most influential work came during the 1970s and 1980s, when she programmed the IBM 7030 Stretch computer to calculate the Earth’s precise shape.

She developed complex algorithms that accounted:

• for gravitational, tidal and atmospheric forces
• producing geoid models that became essential to GPS accuracy

In 1986, she published a technical report detailing how to improve geoid height and vertical deflection calculations using data from the Geosat satellite. Her contributions formed the mathematical core of the navigation systems now embedded in smartphones, vehicles, aircraft and emergency response networks.

West worked at Dahlgren for 42 years and retired in 1998. She later completed a PhD in public administration from Virginia Tech through distance learning.

Recognition Arrives After Decades of Overlooked Work

Like many women of color in science, West’s contributions went largely unrecognized for years. Her story gained attention in 2018 after she submitted a short biography for a sorority event. That same year, she was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Hall of Fame, named Female Alumna of the Year by the HBCU Awards and selected for the BBC’s “100 Women” list. She also received the Webby Lifetime Achievement Award for her work in satellite geodesy.

In 2021, the Royal Academy of Engineering awarded her the Prince Philip Medal, its highest individual honor. In 2024, the Fredericksburg City School Board voted to name a new elementary school after her.

Dr Gladys West: A Life of Quiet Precision and Enduring Impact

West met her husband, Ira, at Dahlgren, where he also worked as a mathematician. They married in 1957 and raised three children. The couple remained active in their church and community until Ira’s death in 2024.

Despite her central role in shaping GPS, West preferred paper maps. She often said she trusted what she could see with her own eyes. Her biography also documents the racism she faced throughout her career, including limited recognition and fewer opportunities than her white colleagues. Still, she remained focused on accuracy, discipline and service.

Dr. Gladys West’s work continues to guide billions of people each day. Her legacy endures in every mapped route, every coordinated rescue and every satellite‑based system that depends on the precision she spent a lifetime perfecting.